Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry McMurry Fundamentals • 7th Edition • 978-1439049716

Ch. 1 - Structure and Bonding (Part 1)

Intro to Organic Chemistry Atomic Structure Wave Function Molecular Orbitals Sigma and Pi Bonds Octet Rule Bonding Preferences Formal Charges Skeletal Structure

Ch. 1 - Structure and Bonding (Part 2)

Lewis Structure Condensed Structural Formula Degrees of Unsaturation Constitutional Isomers Hybridization Molecular Geometry

Ch. 1 - Acids and Bases (Part 3)

Electronegativity Intermolecular Forces How To Determine Solubility Resonance Structures Organic Chemistry Reactions Reaction Mechanism Acids and Bases Equilibrium Constant pKa Acid Base Equilibrium Ranking Acidity

Ch. 2 - Alkanes: The Nature of Organic Compounds

Functional Groups IUPAC Naming Alkyl Groups Naming Cycloalkanes Naming Alkyl Halides Naming Bicyclic Compounds Conformational Isomers Newman Projections Drawing Newman Projections Barrier To Rotation Ring Strain Axial vs Equatorial Cis vs Trans Conformations Chair Flip Equatorial Preference Calculating Energy Difference Between Chair Conformations A-Values Decalin

Ch. 3 - Alkenes and Alkynes: The Nature of Organic Reactions

Alkene Stability Degrees of Unsaturation Naming Alkenes Cis vs Trans Energy Diagram Gibbs Free Energy Enthalpy Entropy Hammond Postulate Carbocation Stability Carbocation Intermediate Rearrangements Double Elimination Acetylide Hydrogenation of Alkynes Alkynide Synthesis

Ch. 4 - Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes

Addition Reaction Markovnikov Hydrohalogenation Acid-Catalyzed Hydration Oxymercuration Hydroboration Hydrogenation Halogenation Halohydrin Carbene Epoxidation Dihydroxylation Ozonolysis Ozonolysis Full Mechanism Oxidation of Alcohols Ozonolysis Oxidative Cleavage Free Radical Polymerization Alkyne Oxidative Cleavage Alkyne Hydrohalogenation Alkyne Halogenation Alkyne Hydration Alkyne Hydroboration

Ch. 5 - Aromatic Compounds

Aromaticity Naming Benzene Rings Huckel's Rule Pi Electrons Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Benzene Reactions EAS: Halogenation Mechanism EAS: Nitration Mechanism EAS: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Mechanism EAS: Friedel-Crafts Acylation Mechanism EAS: Any Carbocation Mechanism Electron Withdrawing Groups EAS: Ortho vs. Para Positions Acylation of Aniline Limitations of Friedel-Crafts Alkyation Advantages of Friedel-Crafts Acylation Blocking Groups - Sulfonic Acid Side-Chain Halogenation Side-Chain Oxidation Birch Reduction EAS: Sequence Groups EAS: Retrosynthesis Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Benzyne

Ch. 6 - Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Centers

Constitutional Isomers vs. Stereoisomers Chirality Test 1: Plane of Symmetry Test 2: Stereocenter Test R and S Configuration Enantiomers vs. Diastereomers Atropisomers Meso Compound Test 3: Disubstituted Cycloalkanes What is the Relationship Between Isomers? Fischer Projection R and S of Fischer Projections Optical Activity Enantiomeric Excess Non-Carbon Chiral Centers

Ch. 7 - Organohalides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations

Radical Reaction Radical Stability Free Radical Halogenation Radical Selectivity Nucleophilic Addition Preparation of Organometallics Grignard Reaction Nucleophilic Substitution Good Leaving Groups SN2 Reaction SN1 Reaction Substitution Comparison E2 Mechanism Beta Hydrogen E2 - Anti-Coplanar Requirement E2 - Cumulative Practice E1 Reaction Solvents Leaving Groups Nucleophiles and Basicity SN1 SN2 E1 E2 Chart (Big Daddy Flowchart) Cumulative Substitution/Elimination Zaitsev Rule

Ch. 8 - Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, and Their Sulfur Analogs

Alcohol Nomenclature Naming Ethers Naming Epoxides Naming Thiols Dehydration Reaction POCl3 Dehydration Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Reducing Agent Leaving Group Conversions - Using HX Leaving Group Conversions - SOCl2 and PBr3 Leaving Group Conversions - Sulfonyl Chlorides Leaving Group Conversions Summary Williamson Ether Synthesis Making Ethers - Alcohol Condensation Making Ethers - Alkoxymercuration Making Ethers - Acid-Catalyzed Alkoxylation Making Ethers - Cumulative Practice Ether Cleavage Epoxidation Epoxide Reactions Sharpless Epoxidation Thiol Reactions Sulfide Oxidation

Ch. 9 - Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

Naming Aldehydes Naming Ketones Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Oxidizing Agent Ozonolysis Reducing Agent DIBAL Alkyne Hydration Nucleophilic Addition Cyanohydrin Organometallics on Ketones Overview of Nucleophilic Addition of Solvents Hydrates Hemiacetal Acetal Acetal Protecting Group Thioacetal Imine vs Enamine Addition of Amine Derivatives Wolff Kishner Reduction Acid Chloride to Ketone Wittig Reaction Ketone and Aldehyde Synthesis Reactions Conjugate Addition

Ch. 10 - Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Naming Carboxylic Acids Diacid Nomenclature Naming Esters Naming Nitriles Acid Chloride Nomenclature Naming Anhydrides Naming Amides Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Carboxylic Acid to Acid Chloride Fischer Esterification Acid-Catalyzed Ester Hydrolysis Saponification Transesterification Lactones, Lactams and Cyclization Reactions Carboxylation Decarboxylation Mechanism

Ch. 11 - Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions and Condensation Reactions

Tautomerization Tautomers of Dicarbonyl Compounds Enolate Acid-Catalyzed Alpha-Halogentation Base-Catalyzed Alpha-Halogentation Haloform Reaction Hell-Volhard-Zelinski Reaction Overview of Alpha-Alkylations and Acylations Enolate Alkylation and Acylation Enamine Alkylation and Acylation Beta-Dicarbonyl Synthesis Pathway Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis Malonic Ester Synthesis Condensation Reactions Aldol Condensation Crossed Aldol Condensation Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Claisen Condensation Intramolecular Aldol Condensation Conjugate Addition Michael Addition Robinson Annulation

Ch. 12 - Amines

Naming Amines Amine Alkylation Amines by Reduction Nitrogenous Nucleophiles Reductive Amination Gabriel Synthesis Curtius Rearrangement Hofmann Rearrangement Hofmann Elimination Diazo Replacement Reactions Acylation of Aniline Diazo Sequence Groups Diazo Retrosynthesis

Ch. 13 - Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and IR Spectroscopy (Part 1)

Purpose of Analytical Techniques Infrared Spectroscopy Infrared Spectroscopy Table IR Spect: Drawing Spectra IR Spect: Extra Practice Mass Spectrometry Mass Spect: Fragmentation Mass Spect: Isotopes

Ch. 13 - Structure Determination: UV Spectroscopy and NMR Spectroscopy (Part 2)

NMR Spectroscopy 1H NMR: Number of Signals 1H NMR: Q-Test 1H NMR: E/Z Diastereoisomerism H NMR Table 1H NMR: Spin-Splitting (N + 1) Rule 1H NMR: Spin-Splitting Simple Tree Diagrams 1H NMR: Spin-Splitting Complex Tree Diagrams 1H NMR: Spin-Splitting Patterns NMR Integration NMR Practice Carbon NMR Structure Determination without Mass Spect

Ch. 14 - Biomolecules: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide Monosaccharides - D and L Isomerism Monosaccharides - Drawing Fischer Projections Monosaccharides - Common Structures Monosaccharides - Forming Cyclic Hemiacetals Monosaccharides - Cyclization Monosaccharides - Haworth Projections Mutarotation Epimerization Monosaccharides - Alkylation Monosaccharides - Acylation Glycoside Monosaccharides - Reduction (Alditols) Monosaccharides - Weak Oxidation (Aldonic Acid) Reducing Sugars Monosaccharides - Strong Oxidation (Aldaric Acid) Monosaccharides - Osazones Monosaccharides - Kiliani-Fischer Monosaccharides - Wohl Degradation Disaccharide Polysaccharide

Ch. 15 - Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

Proteins and Amino Acids L and D Amino Acids Polar Amino Acids Amino Acid Chart Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids Isoelectric Point