Immune Response Damage to the Host - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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concept
Intro to Immune Response Damage
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in this video, we're going to begin our lesson on how the immune response can sometimes cause unintentional damage to the host. And so once again an immediate and overwhelming immune response which is intended to protect us and eliminate pathogens can sometimes have unintended or accidental damaging effects to host tissues. And so the immune response in our body can actually be compared to a sprinkler system in a building. And so we'll be able to make that comparison down below in our image in order to better understand the accidental or unintended damaging effects of immunity. And so what you'll notice is on the left hand side of our image over here, Dr clutches sitting at his office doing some important work on his computer when he suddenly notices his favorite textbooks have caught on fire. And so the fire here represents the damage from the pathogen or injury. And so notice dr clark is saying, oh no a fire and notice that this fire here is creating a signal. And so the pathogens would also create signals that can be detected by our immune system which is being represented as the sprinkler system here and so upon detecting the signals of the pathogen upon detecting the signals of the fire, the sprinkler system or our immune system can take action. And so what you'll notice here is that although the sprinkler system is designed to eliminate the fire, eliminate the pathogen, um it may also cause unintended damage. And so here the sprinkler system is causing unintended damage to dr clutches, electrical equipment and all of his hard work on his computer and his light bulb is now going to be damaged. And so you can see the unintended damages all over here. And of course the pathogen has been eliminated, which is great. And again, this is all due to the effects of the immune response. And so our immune response can be like this in some scenarios, although it is intended to eliminate pathogens and some circumstances, and overwhelming or an inappropriate immune response can lead to unintended damaging effects. And so we'll get to talk more about this idea of how the immune response can sometimes lead to unintended or accidental damage uh as we move forward in our course. But for now, this here concludes our introduction to this, and I'll see you all in our next video.
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concept
Inflammatory Response Can damage the Host
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in this video, we're going to talk a little bit about how the inflammatory response can sometimes cause damage to the host. And so once again, an inflammatory response can sometimes cause unintended accidental damage to the host in multiple ways. And so recall from our previous lesson videos where we covered inflammation in more detail that during inflammation neutrophils and other fake ascetic cells like macrophages can be recruited to the site of infection. And so when a fake acidic cell such as the macrophages, shone down below in this image, when it performs fabio psychosis and brings in uh microbes and it starts to destroy and break down these microbes and then it releases those microbes a lot of times when it releases the end product, there could be several different types of chemicals, bacterial enzymes, toxins, perhaps exa toxins that can be released uh and perhaps endo toxins as well that can be released. And these released substances, as you can see in this image could potentially cause damage to the surrounding tissues. And so in this image you can see here, we're showing you bacterial enzymes or bacterial toxins again being released and this released um substances can cause damage. And so this uh damage here is associated with the inflammatory response because these macrophages are recruited to the site of infection during the inflammatory response. And so uh inflammation specifically in the lungs can actually cause the capillaries of the lungs to leak fluids and those fluids can collect and build up over time and can interfere with oxygen uh carbon dioxide gas exchange basically interfering with the function of the lungs and affecting your ability to breathe. And so if we take a look at this image down below, uh notice that we're showing a person's lungs here and we're showing you that these lungs are indeed infected lungs and these infected lungs uh may undergo inflammation. And so inflammation in the lungs can lead to a liquid build up in the lungs as you see here. And this liquid build up in the lungs uh that is due to inflammation, um can inhibit oxygen carbon dioxide gas exchange. And so this inhibited oxygen. Carbon dioxide gas exchange can um interfere with your ability to breathe. And so the oxygen carbon dioxide exchange can be inhibited and that can inhibit the function of your lungs. And that could be of course very dangerous. And so this could be something that occurs as a result of bacterial pneumonia. And so this year concludes our brief lesson on how the inflammatory response can cause damage to the host unintentionally, um again through performing its normal function but then releasing chemicals bacterial enzymes or toxins that can cause damage to the surrounding tissues. So we'll be able to learn more about this and get some practice applying these concepts as we move forward. So, I'll see you all in our next video
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Problem
Problem
Why might pathogenic 'remains' released from a phagocytic cell be dangerous to the surrounding cells?
A
Many pathogens produce toxins which may damage neighbor cells when released.
B
Many pathogens have destructive enzymes which may damage neighbor cells when released.
C
If the pathogenic DNA is still intact upon release from the phagocyte it can infect surrounding cells.
D
Antibodies will bind to the phagocytic cell and trigger apoptosis.
E
A and B.
F
A and D.
G
A, B and C.
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concept
Adaptive Immunity Can Damage the Host
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3m
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in this video, we're going to briefly discuss how adaptive immunity can also sometimes cause unintentional damage to the host. And so in addition to innate immune responses such as inflammation, adaptive immune responses can sometimes also lead to accidental damage to the host. And so, for example, antibody antigen complexes, which uh is just basically a complex that consists of an antibody binding to its specific antigen can form during an immune response. And sometimes those antibody antigen complexes may not be detected or eliminated by fabio sites. And so sometimes they can build up or collect in specific types of organs, such as the kidneys, or specific types of joints. And so when these antibody antigen complexes build up and collect and specific organs, they can lead to unintentional damage. So they can damage capillaries in the kidneys that are called glomeruli lie and that can result in kidney failure, which is basically the kidney Lowell no longer functions the way that it should. And so in addition to antibody antigen complexes leading to unintentional damage. Certain types of infections also result in production of antibodies that bind to surface proteins of self cells. And so this is when antibodies are binding to our own self cells. And so recall that antibodies that bind to our own self cells can cause autoimmune diseases where our adaptive immune system uh starts to target our own healthy self cells. And so down below, we're just showing you an example of how adaptive immunity can also cause unintentional damage to the host. And so notice over here we're showing you our kidneys. This is an image a cartoon image of our kidneys and so notice that the cartoon image of our kidney here is saying, stay away from me, you are hurting me. And they're saying that to the antibody antigen complex. So this is the antibody antigen complex. And so notice that the antibody is going to be this y shaped protein here and the anti gin are gonna be these little blue molecules at the tip and so these can sometimes build up and cause damage. And so notice over here, on the right hand side, we're showing you the kidney and we're showing you these antigen antibody complexes building up in the kidney tissues and the build up of the antigen antibody antigen complexes can sometimes settle on the kidneys and again cause kidney damage, leading the kidney failure. And so again, this is just a brief lesson talking about how and sometimes in some cases the adaptive immune system can cause unintentional accidental damage to the host. And so we'll be able to get some practice applying these concepts and learn more as we move forward. So, I'll see you on our next video
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Problem
Problem
Overall our immune system protects us from foreign invaders and pathogens. Which of the following are ways in which our immune system inadvertently damages our body?
A
Severe allergic reactions to allergens that results in anaphylactic shock.
B
Phagocytic immune cells engulfing pathogens and releasing the dangerous pathogenic 'remains' into the body.
C
Antibody-antigen complexes settling in the kidneys and the joints resulting in damaging inflammation.
D
Damaging fevers, inflammation, and shock caused by excessive cytokine production in response to antigens.
