Solution: Part A: Calculate Z_eff for a valence electron in an oxygen atom.Part B: Calculate Z_eff for the 4s electron in a copper atom, Cu.Part C: Calculate Z_eff for a 3d electron in a copper atom, Cu.

Part A:

We’re being asked to calculate the effective nuclear charge (Z_eff) of the valence electron in oxygen (O) atom. Recall that the effective nuclear charge is the forces exerted by the nucleus onto an electron and is given by:

where Z = nuclear charge or atomic number and S = shielding constant. For this problem, we need to do the following steps:

Step 1: Determine the atomic number.

Step 2: Determine the electron configuration and group them by n-values.

Step 3: Calculate for the shielding constant.

Step 4: Calculate for Z_eff.