Properties of Macromolecules - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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1
concept
Polymerization
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Hi in this video we're gonna be talking about the properties of macro molecules. So the first property that I want to talk about is macro molecule plymyer ization. So what is politicization? Well it's just a fancy term that allows for sequential formation of large structures from individual subunits. So linear polarization forms the structures of policy aka rides nucleic acids and proteins. But it does not allow for the formation of lipids. Lipids occur through a different manner, which we're not going to talk about here. Um So just realize when we talk about memorization, we're not talking about lipids. So how does polarization work? Will it occurs through main reaction called a condensation reaction which forms the bonds between monomers. So what are monomers? So the little sub units that are either the individual amino acid or the individual mona's Sacha ride that can form these larger structures. So how do they form they form through H plus and an O. H minus groups on individual subunits. Um when those react and they release water and so repetition of these condensation reactions form actually add more monomers and form these really large complex structures. So if we just take a second to look at a condensation reaction really quickly, you can see here we have two amino acids. How do we know they're amino acids? Anyone know? Okay, so we know their amino acids because they have the amino group, they have an R group and they have a caracal group. And so in the condensation reaction, what happens is you have an O. H group or an O. And hydroxyl from one subunit and we have a hydrogen from another subunit or a monomer. And then a condensation reaction occurs and this connects them together and releases the little baby water over here. So you can think of condensation reaction, You think of condensation on your cup? Water condensation reactions release water. Now we don't always need um these big complex polymers, sometimes we need to break them down. So how do we break them down? Well, we do that through hydraulic sis reactions and so they degrade or break apart long polymer chains through the the addition of a water molecule. So this is this is different. Condensation releases water as water on a cup. You have more of it. Um Whereas the hydrolyzed this reaction um actually uses up water in order to break them apart. So um we can think about linear polarization. Okay, it's adding these individual subunits. Um that's a property but it's really important to realize that for some back your molecules including nucleic acids and amino acids, the order in which the sequences the sequences added matters a great deal because that determines the sequence of our genes. The sequence of proteins um depend on a specific order of these monomers. So this can actually really impact biological function about, you know, when this process occurs, how it occurs in which unit is connecting together. Um So now let's move on
2
concept
Stereoisomers
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Okay, so the second property of macro molecules is stereo I Summers. And so what are stereo Somers? Well, they're just mirror image of macro molecules due to an asymmetric carbon atom. You may remember this from chemistry as a Cairo center. And so stereo I summers are two molecules that have the same chemical formula but different physical structures. So they come in two main forms D. N. L. And so let's look at one down here. So you can see there is so this is an amino acid. How do we know it's an amino acid because it has an amino group and our group and a car box a group. And these are the two forms, you can see that they're mirror images. If there is a mirror here then that's that's what's going to create them. They're mirror images. And so the asymmetric carbon atom is here because it's asymmetric because each on each side of it, it has a different symmetry. It has different things on each side. And so the stereo I Summers form with a lot of the macro molecules. And so there's two forms, the D. And the L. Um So here you have the D. One here and the L. One here and the amino acids mono sacha rides nuclear acid and certain lipids steroid lipids. Um Come in stereo I some reforms. And so these are important because certain biological functions can only use one form. So for instance, protein are only made up of L amino acids but D amino acids still exists in cells. Um But they do not have the same function as L. So stereo customers are really important property of macro molecules that come into play when looking at specific biological functions. So now let's move on.
3
concept
Noncovalent Bonds and Macromolecules
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2m
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Okay, so now let's talk about the role of non covalin bonds. So non violent bonds are extremely important for maximum follicle formation and function. And so if you remember back, non covalin bonds are really weak but they can be strong because they are additive D. I. T. I. P. So there are the more non violent bonds. There are the forces become stronger as they act together as you know, one non violent force. And so this can affect confirmation. So macro molecule confirmation or structure formation um depends on the placement and formation of nonviolent bonds. And so it can allow for a really close strong fit between two interacting molecules for instance in multi protein complexes. Um and then um different types of functional groups which if you remember back to amino acids that would be an R. Group. Um They allow for these they allow for different properties and different chemical structures which then can bond non convey violently in different ways. So for instance, we're looking at two amino acids here licensing and glue tannic acid and you can see that they're actually two types of non covalin bonds that can form to connect these together. Um You have the hydrogen bonding and you have the electrostatic interactions now, individually these are really weak bonds but together they can actually become really strong forces that allow to amino acids to interact or allow to macro molecules to interact and provide different confirmations or different functions of the macro molecule itself. So non cabana bonds are really important because they're additive. So now let's move on
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Problem
Problem
Which of the following is not a property of macromolecules?
A
They are formed through linear polymerization of individual subunits
B
They have the ability to form stereoisomers
C
Noncovalent bonds allow for the formation of complex functions
D
Covalent interactions allow for stable conformations of macromolecules
5
Problem
Problem
Which of the following reactions connects individual monomers together?
