Innate Immunity

Innate immunity ________.a. is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogensb. depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogenc. is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogend. is found only in vertebrates 

The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are ________.a. phagocytes and cytokinesb. dendritic cells and interferonsc. mast cells and histaminesd. lymphocytes and interferons

Inflammatory responses typically include ________.a. increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed areab. reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasmac. release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed aread. inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow

________ are receptor molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens.a. Cytokinesb. Toll-like receptorsc. Interferonsd. Complement proteins

________ are cells of the mammalian innate immune response that help destroy tumors.a. Cytotoxic T cellsb. Natural killer cellsc. Macrophagesd. B cells

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?a. inflammatory responseb. lytic responsec. adaptive immune responsed. autoimmune response

Acidity in human sweat is an example of ________.a. cell-mediated immune responsesb. acquired immunityc. adaptive immunityd. innate immunity

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?a. sweeping away debrisb. physically trapping of pathogensc. destruction of pathogens because it is acidicd. increasing oxygen absorption

Sort the steps of phagocytosis into the correct order from first to last.

What receptors are used by innate immune cells to recognize pathogens and what do they recognize on pathogens?

What even triggers the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils in an allergic response?