Circulatory and Respiratory Anatomy

The visceral pleural membrane of mammals is linked to the parietal pleural membrane bya. myosin fibersb. fluid-filled spacec. smooth musclesd. loose connective tissue

Which of the following respiratory systems is most efficient at obtaining oxygen from the surrounding environment?a. mammal lungsb. reptile lungsc. amphibian lungsd. bird lungse. fish gills

Diffusion alone is effective only over distances less than approximatelya. 0.5 mmb. 5.0 mmc. 0.5 cmd. 5.0 cme. 0.5 m

The exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the blood occurs in the:a. arteriesb. arteriolesc. capillariesd. veinse. venules

The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to ________.a. those of birds, with a four-chambered heartb. the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamberc. those of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environmentd. those of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have ________.a. an open circulatory systemb. a closed circulatory systemc. a gastrovascular cavityd. branched tracheae

In an open circulatory system, blood is ________.a. always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systemsb. not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systemsc. always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systemsd. not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

Which of the following best describes the chloride shift as seen in the figure?a. Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate.b. Chloride binds bicarbonate and allows more of it to be carried in the bloodstream.c. Chloride is taken out of the blood to counterbalance the inflow of carbon dioxide.d. Chloride is removed from hemoglobin when carbon dioxide binds to it.